Non-invasive measurement of steroids in fish-holding water: important considerations when applying the procedure to behaviour studies

Alexander P. Scott1,9), Katharina Hirschenhauser2), Nicole Bender3), Rui Oliveira4), Ryan L. Earley5), Marion Sebire6), Tim Ellis1), Michael Pavlidis7), Peter C. Hubbard8), Mar Huertas8) & Adelino Canario8) (1 Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK; 2 Konrad Lorenz Research Station, University of Vienna, A-4645 Gruenau 11, Austria; 3 University of Bern, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Finkenhubelweg 11, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; 4 ISPA, Rua Jardim do Tabaco 34, Lisboa 1149-041, Portugal; 5 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA; 6 University of Exeter, School of Biosciences, The Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK; 7 University of Crete, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 2208, GR-71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; 8 Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro 8005-139, Portugal)